為深入貫徹落實黨中央、國務院關于(yu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)權改(gai)革的部(bu)署(shu)(shu)要求(qiu)，充(chong)分發(fa)揮市場機制在水(shui)(shui)資源配置(zhi)中的作用(yong)(yong)(yong)，近日(ri)，水(shui)(shui)利部(bu)、國家發(fa)展(zhan)改(gai)革委、財政部(bu)聯(lian)合(he)印發(fa)了《關于(yu)推進用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)權改(gai)革的指導意見(jian)》（以下(xia)簡(jian)稱《意見(jian)》），對當前(qian)和今后一個時(shi)期的用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)權改(gai)革工作作出總(zong)體安(an)排和部(bu)署(shu)(shu)。
《意見》指出(chu)，推(tui)進(jin)(jin)用水(shui)(shui)權(quan)(quan)改革(ge)(ge)，是(shi)發(fa)揮市場機制(zhi)作用促(cu)進(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)優化配(pei)置和集約(yue)節(jie)約(yue)安全(quan)利(li)用的(de)重(zhong)要手段，是(shi)強化水(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)剛性(xing)約(yue)束(shu)的(de)重(zhong)要舉措。黨的(de)十八(ba)大(da)以來(lai)，黨中央、國務院對統(tong)籌推(tui)進(jin)(jin)自然資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)產(chan)權(quan)(quan)制(zhi)度(du)改革(ge)(ge)作出(chu)部署，提出(chu)完善全(quan)民所有自然資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)收益管理制(zhi)度(du)，明確要求建立健全(quan)用水(shui)(shui)權(quan)(quan)初始分配(pei)制(zhi)度(du)，推(tui)進(jin)(jin)用水(shui)(shui)權(quan)(quan)市場化交(jiao)易。近年來(lai)，用水(shui)(shui)權(quan)(quan)改革(ge)(ge)探索取得了積極進(jin)(jin)展，但仍存(cun)在用水(shui)(shui)權(quan)(quan)歸(gui)屬不(bu)夠(gou)清晰、市場發(fa)育不(bu)充分、交(jiao)易不(bu)活躍等(deng)問題。
《意(yi)見(jian)》提出(chu)，進一(yi)步(bu)推進用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)改革，要深入貫徹落(luo)實習(xi)近平總書記“節(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)優先、空間(jian)均衡(heng)、系統治(zhi)理、兩手發(fa)力”治(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)思路和關于治(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)重要講(jiang)話(hua)指示批示精神，強化(hua)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)剛(gang)性約束，堅持以水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)而定、量水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)而行，加(jia)快(kuai)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)初始(shi)(shi)分(fen)配，推進用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)市場化(hua)交(jiao)易(yi)，健全(quan)(quan)完善(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)交(jiao)易(yi)平臺，加(jia)強用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)交(jiao)易(yi)監(jian)管，到2025年，用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)初始(shi)(shi)分(fen)配制度基本建立，區域水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)、取(qu)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)戶取(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)基本明(ming)晰(xi)，用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)交(jiao)易(yi)機制進一(yi)步(bu)完善(shan)，用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)市場化(hua)交(jiao)易(yi)趨(qu)于活躍，交(jiao)易(yi)監(jian)管全(quan)(quan)面加(jia)強，全(quan)(quan)國統一(yi)的(de)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)交(jiao)易(yi)市場初步(bu)建立；到2035年，歸屬清(qing)晰(xi)、權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)責明(ming)確、流轉順暢(chang)、監(jian)管有效的(de)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)制度體系全(quan)(quan)面建立，用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)改革促(cu)進水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)優化(hua)配置和集約節(jie)約安全(quan)(quan)利用的(de)作用全(quan)(quan)面發(fa)揮。
《意(yi)見(jian)》要(yao)求(qiu)，加快(kuai)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)初始分(fen)(fen)配(pei)和(he)明晰。一是加快(kuai)推進(jin)區域水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)。江河流(liu)域水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)方案批(pi)復的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)、地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)控指標確定(ding)下(xia)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)、調水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工程相(xiang)關(guan)批(pi)復文件規定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)受(shou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)區可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)，作(zuo)為區域的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)利(li)邊(bian)界(jie)。二是明晰取用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)戶的(de)(de)(de)(de)取水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)。在嚴(yan)格核定(ding)許可(ke)(ke)(ke)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提下(xia)，通(tong)過發(fa)放取水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)許可(ke)(ke)(ke)證，明晰取用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)戶的(de)(de)(de)(de)取水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)。三(san)是明晰灌(guan)(guan)溉用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)戶水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)。地方可(ke)(ke)(ke)根(gen)據需要(yao)通(tong)過發(fa)放用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)屬憑證，或(huo)下(xia)達用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)指標等方式，明晰灌(guan)(guan)區內灌(guan)(guan)溉用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)戶水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)。四(si)是探索明晰公共供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)網用(yong)(yong)戶的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)。
《意(yi)見》要求，推(tui)(tui)進多種形(xing)式的(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)市場化(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)。一是推(tui)(tui)進區(qu)域水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)。對(dui)位于(yu)同(tong)一流域或者(zhe)位于(yu)不同(tong)流域但具備(bei)調水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)條件的(de)行政(zheng)區(qu)域，可(ke)以(yi)對(dui)區(qu)域可(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)內(nei)的(de)結(jie)余或預(yu)留水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)開展(zhan)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)。二是推(tui)(tui)進取(qu)(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)。取(qu)(qu)(qu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)戶(hu)(hu)在(zai)取(qu)(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)許可(ke)有效(xiao)期和取(qu)(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)限(xian)額內(nei)，可(ke)以(yi)有償轉(zhuan)讓節約(yue)下來的(de)取(qu)(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)。對(dui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)超載地(di)區(qu)，除合理(li)的(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)增生(sheng)活用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)需求，其他新(xin)(xin)(xin)增用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)需求原則上應通(tong)過取(qu)(qu)(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)解決。三是推(tui)(tui)進灌(guan)溉(gai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)戶(hu)(hu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)。在(zai)灌(guan)區(qu)內(nei)部(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)戶(hu)(hu)或者(zhe)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)組織之間(jian)進行。地(di)方(fang)人民政(zheng)府或其授權(quan)的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)行政(zheng)主管(guan)部(bu)門、灌(guan)區(qu)管(guan)理(li)單位可(ke)以(yi)回(hui)購灌(guan)溉(gai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)戶(hu)(hu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)重新(xin)(xin)(xin)配置或交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)。四是創新(xin)(xin)(xin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)措施。鼓勵地(di)方(fang)將用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)作(zuo)為生(sheng)態(tai)產品價值實現(xian)、生(sheng)態(tai)保護補(bu)償的(de)重要手段。鼓勵社會資(zi)本通(tong)過參與(yu)節水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)程建設運營，轉(zhuan)讓節約(yue)的(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)獲得合理(li)收益。鼓勵將通(tong)過合同(tong)節水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)理(li)取(qu)(qu)(qu)得的(de)節水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)納入用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)。因(yin)地(di)制宜推(tui)(tui)進集(ji)蓄雨(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、再生(sheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、微咸水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、礦坑(keng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、淡化(hua)海水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)等非常規(gui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)。
《意(yi)見》要(yao)求，完善水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)平臺。一(yi)(yi)是建立健全(quan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。建立健全(quan)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)的(de)全(quan)國(guo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)規則(ze)、技術標(biao)準、數據規范，統(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)部署(shu)、分級(ji)應(ying)用(yong)，逐(zhu)步(bu)將用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)納入(ru)公共資(zi)(zi)源交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)平臺體(ti)系(xi)。二是推進用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)相對(dui)集中交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)。用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)應(ying)在國(guo)家和地方水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)平臺進行(xing)，其中跨水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源一(yi)(yi)級(ji)區(qu)、跨省區(qu)的(de)區(qu)域(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)，流域(yu)管理機構審批的(de)取水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)，以(yi)及水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資(zi)(zi)源超(chao)載地區(qu)的(de)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)原則(ze)上(shang)在國(guo)家水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)權(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)平臺進行(xing)。
《意(yi)見》要求，強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)監(jian)(jian)測計量和(he)(he)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)。一是強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)取用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)監(jian)(jian)測計量。加(jia)快推進取用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)監(jian)(jian)測計量體(ti)系(xi)建設，為(wei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)權(quan)初始分配和(he)(he)交(jiao)易(yi)提供基礎支撐。二是強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)水(shui)(shui)資(zi)源用(yong)(yong)(yong)途管(guan)(guan)制。水(shui)(shui)行政主管(guan)(guan)部門應合理配置本地區(qu)的(de)生活、生產和(he)(he)生態用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)，嚴格水(shui)(shui)資(zi)源論證、取水(shui)(shui)許可審批和(he)(he)事中事后監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)，防止用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)權(quan)交(jiao)易(yi)擠占基本生態用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)農田(tian)灌溉(gai)合理用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)。三是強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)權(quan)交(jiao)易(yi)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)。重點跟蹤檢查用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)權(quan)交(jiao)易(yi)水(shui)(shui)量的(de)真實性(xing)、交(jiao)易(yi)程序的(de)規范性(xing)、交(jiao)易(yi)價格的(de)合理性(xing)、交(jiao)易(yi)資(zi)金的(de)安(an)全性(xing)等，及時組織開展(zhan)交(jiao)易(yi)水(shui)(shui)量核(he)定、用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)權(quan)交(jiao)易(yi)評(ping)估工作。
《意見》強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)，各地要將(jiang)(jiang)推進(jin)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)權(quan)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)作(zuo)為落(luo)實水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)剛性約束制(zhi)度(du)的(de)一項(xiang)重要工作(zuo)任務，加強(qiang)(qiang)組(zu)織領導(dao)、部門協作(zuo)和(he)宣傳引導(dao)，加快推進(jin)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)權(quan)初(chu)始分(fen)配，因地制(zhi)宜推進(jin)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)權(quan)交易(yi)，及時(shi)研究解決(jue)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)權(quan)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)中的(de)有關問(wen)題，推動(dong)健全完善用(yong)(yong)水(shui)權(quan)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)的(de)法規(gui)制(zhi)度(du)體系。水(shui)利部將(jiang)(jiang)加強(qiang)(qiang)跟(gen)蹤指導(dao)，把用(yong)(yong)水(shui)權(quan)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)納入水(shui)資(zi)源(yuan)管理考核。